TCP/IP

Please Do Not Take Salami Pizza Away

Comparison of OSI (Open Systems Intercommunication) and TCP/IP models.

OSI TCP/IP Protocol Data Unit Protocols Example Hardware example
Application Application Files/data Facebook Application layer gateway (packet inspection)
Presentation ssh Encryption
Session http, telnet Login
Transport Transport Segments/datagrams TCP, UDP TCP Firewall (port number)
Network Internet Packets IP, ICMP, ARP ping Router, layer 3 switch
Datalink Network Frames/bits fibre, Ethernet, Wi-Fi ARP Bridge, switch (forward or not forward)
Physical Wi-Fi Repeater, hub (multiport repeater)

Additionally

  • ICMP: ping, sends echo request.
  • ARP: Maps IP address to physical, "Layer 2.5".
  • TCP starvation: UDP can hog the bandwidth on a mixed TCP/UDP system (TCP backs off out of courtesy but UDP doesn't care).
  • Delivery: TCP offers guaranteed delivery, UDP does not.

Three way handshake

SYN stands for "synchronise". See three-way handshake.

=> SYN
<= SYN-ACK
=> ACK
=> HTTP (request)
<= ACK
<= HTTP (response)
=> ACK
=> FIN
<= FIN-ACK
=> ACK

IPV4 versus IPV6

IPv6 addresses are 128-bit IP address written in hexadecimal and separated by colons. It has a larger address space than IPv4.

IPv4: 32 bit - 4 x 8 bits (octets) c0c0c0c0 IPv6: 128 bit - 8 x 16 bits 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf

IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4.

Most IPv6 addresses do not occupy all of their possible 128 bits. This condition results in fields that are padded with zeros or contain only zeros.

The IPv6 addressing architecture allows you use the two-colon (::) notation to represent contiguous 16-bit fields of zeros. For example, you might abbreviate the IPv6 address in Figure 3–2 by replacing the two contiguous fields of zeros in the interface ID with two colons. The resulting address is 2001:0db8:3c4d:0015::1a2f:1a2b. Other fields of zeros can be represented as a single 0. You can also omit any leading zeros in a field, such as changing 0db8 to db8.

So the address 2001:0db8:3c4d:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:1a2b can be abbreviated as 2001:db8:3c4d:15::1a2f:1a2b.

You can use the two colon notation to replace any contiguous fields of all zeros in the IPv6 address. For example, the IPv6 address 2001:0db8:3c4d:0015:0000:d234::3eee:0000 can be collapsed into 2001:db8:3c4d:15:0:d234:3eee::.

See Oracle docs and IPv4/v6 differences.

MAC addresses

  • 48-bit hexadecimal
  • ve-nd-or-xx-xx-xx

The Benefits of IPv6

While increasing the pool of addresses is one of the most often-talked about benefit of IPv6, there are other important technological changes in IPv6 that will improve the IP protocol:

  • No more NAT (Network Address Translation)
  • Auto-configuration
  • No more private address collisions
  • Better multicast routing
  • Simpler header format
  • Simplified, more efficient routing
  • True quality of service (QoS), also called "flow labeling"
  • Built-in authentication and privacy support
  • Flexible options and extensions
  • Easier administration (say good-bye to DHCP)

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

Pronounced "cider".

network/mask
192.168.109.0/24

References

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